# What is a tuple?
example_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print('This is a tuple:', example_tuple)

# Creating tuples with different types
person = ('Alice', 24, 'Paris')
print('Person:', person)

# Empty and single-element tuples
empty = ()
single = ('banana',)
print('Empty tuple:', empty)
print('Single item tuple:', single)

# Accessing tuple items
phone = ('Samsung', 'Galaxy S24', 2024)
print('The brand is:', phone[0])
print('The model is:', phone[1])

# Negative indexing (counts from the end)
numbers = (10, 20, 30, 40)
print('Last item:', numbers[-1])
print('Second to last:', numbers[-2])

# Slicing tuples
days = ('Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri')
print('First three days:', days[:3])
print('Days except Monday:', days[1:])

# Tuples are immutable (they cannot be changed)
fruits = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
# The next line would give an error if uncommented:
# fruits[1] = 'orange'
print('Original tuple:', fruits)

# You can add tuples together (concatenation)
a = (1, 2)
b = (3, 4)
c = a + b
print('Combined tuple:', c)

# Deleting a tuple
animals = ('cat', 'dog', 'tiger')
del animals

# Tuple length
colors = ('red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow')
print('There are', len(colors), 'colors.')

# Check if an item is in a tuple
my_tuple = ('pen', 'pencil', 'eraser')
if 'pen' in my_tuple:
    print('Yes, pen is in the tuple!')
else:
    print('No, pen is not in the tuple!')
    

# Tuple unpacking
rgb = (255, 200, 100)
red, green, blue = rgb
print('Red value:', red)
print('Green value:', green)
print('Blue value:', blue)

# Looping through a tuple
seasons = ('spring', 'summer', 'autumn', 'winter')
for season in seasons:
    print('Season:', season)
    

# Counting occurrences
letters = ('a', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a')
print('Number of times a appears:', letters.count('a'))

# Finding the index of an item
nums = (5, 10, 15, 10)
print('First place 10 occurs:', nums.index(10))

# Tuples vs lists
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print('This is a list:', my_list)
print('This is a tuple:', my_tuple)

# Tuple comprehension (using generator expressions)
nums = (1, 2, 3, 4)
squared = tuple(n * n for n in nums)
print('Original:', nums)
print('Squared:', squared)

# Sorting tuples (sort returns a list)
scores = (30, 90, 70, 50)
sorted_scores = sorted(scores)
print('Original:', scores)
print('Sorted:', sorted_scores)

# Getting user input and making a tuple
color1 = input('Enter your first color: ')
color2 = input('Enter your second color: ')
fav_colors = (color1, color2)
print('Your favorite colors are:', fav_colors)

# Mini-project: Storing birthdays
people = (('Anna', '1990-05-15'), ('Ben', '1988-09-30'))
for name, birthday in people:
    print(name, 'has a birthday on', birthday)
    

# Mini-project, part two: Searching birthdays
people = (('Anna', '1990-05-15'), ('Ben', '1988-09-30'))
name = input('Enter a name to look for: ')
found = False
for person, birthday in people:
    if person == name:
        print(person, 'was born on', birthday)
        found = True
if not found:
    print('That name was not found.')
    

# Common tuple error: forgetting a comma
one = ('solo')
good = ('solo',)
print('Without comma:', type(one))
print('With comma:', type(good))

# Tuple trick: swapping two values
a = 5
b = 10
a, b = b, a
print('After swapping: a =', a, 'b =', b)