city = "Lisbon"
temperature = 24
print(city, "is", temperature, "degrees today")

if temperature > 20:
    print("T-shirt weather")
else:
    print("Bring a jacket")

for day in range(1, 4):
    print(f"Day {day}: water the plants")

battery = 30
while battery > 0:
    print(f"Battery at {battery}%")
    battery -= 10

print("She said \"hi\" and left.")
print('It\'s raining')
print("Line one\nLine two")
print("Name:\tPriya")
print("Saved in C:\\photos")

poem = """Roses need water,
code needs a test,
run it and read it,
then fix all the rest."""
print(poem)

first = "snow"
print(first + "ball")
print("ha" * 3)
print("=" * 20)

word = "PYTHON"
print(word[0])
print(word[2])
print(word[-1])
print(word[-2])
print(len(word))

print(word[6])

print(word[len(word) - 1])
print(word[-1])

ticket = "SKY-2041-BLUE"
print(ticket[0:3])
print(ticket[4:8])
print(ticket[9:])
print(ticket[:3])
print(ticket[::-1])

print(ticket[4:100])
print(ticket[50:60] == "")

messy = "   hello WORLD   "
print(f"[{messy.upper()}]")
print(f"[{messy.lower()}]")
print(f"[{messy.strip()}]")
print(f"[{messy.strip().title()}]")

note = "I love tea. Tea is life. More tea please."
print(note.replace("tea", "coffee"))
print(note.lower().replace("tea", "coffee"))
print(note.lower().count("tea"))

groceries = "eggs,milk,bread,apples"
items = groceries.split(",")
print(items)
print(len(items), "items")
print(" | ".join(items))
print("Learn to code today".split())

filename = "holiday_photo_2024.jpg"
print(filename.find("photo"))
print(filename.find("video"))
print(filename.startswith("holiday"))
print(filename.endswith(".jpg"))
print("2024" in filename)

phrase = "Programming is a superpower"
vowels = 0
for char in phrase.lower():
    if char in "aeiou":
        vowels += 1
print(f"{vowels} vowels in {len(phrase)} characters")

name = "kate"
name[0] = "K"

name = "K" + name[1:]
print(name)
shout = name.upper()
print(name, shout)

raw_name = input("Your full name: ")
raw_role = input("Your role: ")

clean_name = " ".join(raw_name.split()).title()
parts = clean_name.split()
initials = parts[0][0] + parts[-1][0]
print(clean_name, parts, initials)

width = 30
border = "+" + "-" * width + "+"
print(border)
print("|" + clean_name.center(width) + "|")
print("|" + raw_role.strip().upper().center(width) + "|")
print("|" + f"({initials})".center(width) + "|")
print(border)

print(7 / 2)
print(8 / 2)
print(7 // 2)
print(7 % 2)
print(-7 // 2)
print(2 ** 10)

minutes = 135
hours = minutes // 60
leftover = minutes % 60
print(f"{minutes} minutes is {hours}h {leftover}m")
print("Is 14 even?", 14 % 2 == 0)

print(round(3.14159, 2))
print(round(7.6))
print(round(2.5), round(3.5))
print(abs(-12))
print(abs(4 - 9))

import math
print(math.sqrt(81))
print(math.pi)
print(math.ceil(4.1), math.floor(4.9))
boxes = math.ceil(53 / 12)
print(f"53 mugs need {boxes} boxes of 12")

print(0.1 + 0.2)
print(0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3)

total = 0.1 + 0.2
print(round(total, 2) == 0.3)
print(math.isclose(total, 0.3))
print(f"Total: {total:.2f}")

population = 1234567.891
print(f"{population:,.2f}")
print(f"{0.256:.1%}")
print(f"Order #{42:05}")
print(f"[{'left':<8}] [{'right':>8}] [{'mid':^8}]")

age_text = "25"
print(type(age_text))
print(age_text * 2)
print(int(age_text) * 2)

age = 25
print("Age: " + age)

print("Age: " + str(age))
print(f"Age: {age}")
print("Age:", age)

print(int("ten"))

print(float("3.5"))
print(int(float("3.5")))
print(int(3.99), round(3.99))
for text in ["42", "4.2", "forty", " 7"]:
    print(f"'{text}' all digits? {text.isdigit()}")

print(bool("False"))
print(bool(""))
tickets = input("How many tickets? ")
print(type(tickets))
print(f"Total: £{int(tickets) * 12.5:.2f}")

distance_km = float(input("Trip distance in km: "))
litres_per_100km = float(input("Litres used per 100 km: "))
price_per_litre = float(input("Fuel price per litre: "))
people = int(input("People sharing the cost: "))

litres_needed = distance_km * litres_per_100km / 100
total_cost = litres_needed * price_per_litre
each_pays = total_cost / people
tanks = math.ceil(litres_needed / 50)
print(f"Fuel needed:  {litres_needed:.1f} litres")
print(f"Total cost:   £{total_cost:.2f}")
print(f"Each pays:    £{each_pays:.2f}")
print(f"Fill-ups of a 50 L tank: {tanks}")

temperature = 18
if temperature >= 15 and temperature <= 25:
    print("Long way: perfect for a walk")
if 15 <= temperature <= 25:
    print("Chained: perfect for a walk")

uv_index = 7
if uv_index < 3:
    advice = "No protection needed"
elif uv_index < 6:
    advice = "Wear sunglasses"
elif uv_index < 8:
    advice = "Sunscreen and a hat"
else:
    advice = "Stay in the shade at midday"
print(f"UV {uv_index}: {advice}")

for value in [0, 7, "", "hi", [], [1, 2], None, 0.0]:
    print(f"{repr(value):>6} is {bool(value)}")

nickname = ""
if nickname:
    print(f"Hi {nickname}!")
else:
    print("Hi there, stranger!")

answer = "  YES "
if answer.strip().lower() in ["y", "yes", "yep", "sure"]:
    print("Great, booking it now")
else:
    print("No problem, maybe next time")

stock = 0
status = "In stock" if stock > 0 else "Sold out"
print(status)
count = 1
print(f"You have {count} {'item' if count == 1 else 'items'} in your basket")

has_ticket = True
age = 15
with_adult = True
if has_ticket and (age >= 16 or with_adult):
    print("Enjoy the film!")
if not has_ticket:
    print("Please visit the box office")

print(list(range(5)))
print(list(range(2, 11, 2)))
for count in range(3, 0, -1):
    print(count, end="... ")
print("Lift off!")

readings = [21, 22, 23, 98, 24, 22]
for reading in readings:
    if reading > 50:
        print(f"Sensor fault: {reading}! Stopping.")
        break
    print("Reading OK:", reading)

emails = ["ana@mail.com", "", "ben@mail.com", "not-an-email", "cy@mail.com"]
for email in emails:
    if "@" not in email:
        continue
    print("Sending invite to", email)

shelf = ["Dune", "Emma", "Ulysses"]
wanted = "Hamlet"
for title in shelf:
    if title == wanted:
        print("Found it!")
        break
else:
    print(f"Sorry, {wanted} is not on the shelf")

correct_pin = "4071"
attempts = 0
while attempts < 3:
    guess = input("Enter PIN: ")
    attempts += 1
    if guess == correct_pin:
        print("Unlocked!")
        break
    print(f"Wrong PIN. {3 - attempts} tries left.")
else:
    print("Card locked.")

for lap in range(3):
print("Lap", lap)

for lap in range(3):
    print("Lap", lap + 1)

booked = ["A2", "B3", "B4"]
for row in "ABC":
    line = ""
    for seat in range(1, 5):
        seat_code = f"{row}{seat}"
        line += " XX " if seat_code in booked else f" {seat_code} "
    print(line)

for row in range(1, 6):
    for col in range(1, 6):
        print(f"{row * col:4}", end="")
    print()

podium = ["Mia", "Theo", "Sana"]
for place, runner in enumerate(podium, start=1):
    print(f"{place}. {runner}")

products = ["Notebook", "Pen", "Backpack"]
prices = [3.5, 1.2, 24.0]
for product, price in zip(products, prices):
    print(f"{product:<10} £{price:>6.2f}")

days = ["Mon", "Tue", "Wed"]
temps = [14, 17]
print(list(zip(days, temps)))

week = ["Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"]
steps = [6200, 11050, 8400, 3900, 10230, 14800, 7600]
goal = 8000
for day, count in zip(week, steps):
    bar = "#" * (count // 1000)
    flag = "goal!" if count >= goal else ""
    print(f"{day}  {count:>6,}  {bar:<15} {flag}")

days_hit = 0
for count in steps:
    if count >= goal:
        days_hit += 1
total = sum(steps)
best = max(steps)
best_day = week[steps.index(best)]
print(f"Total: {total:,} steps, about {total / len(steps):,.0f} a day")
print(f"Goal reached on {days_hit} of {len(week)} days")
print(f"Best day: {best_day} with {best:,} steps")

def print_banner(title):
    """Print a title between two lines of equals signs."""
    print("=" * 24)
    print(title.center(24))
    print("=" * 24)

print_banner("Monday Plan")
print_banner("Shopping")

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius):
    """Convert a Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit."""
    return celsius * 9 / 5 + 32

summer = celsius_to_fahrenheit(30)
print(summer)
print(celsius_to_fahrenheit(-40))

def describe_temperature(celsius):
    fahrenheit = celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius)
    feel = "warm" if celsius >= 20 else "cool"
    return f"{celsius} C is {fahrenheit:.0f} F, which feels {feel}"

for reading in [8, 21, 35]:
    print(describe_temperature(reading))

def add_vat_printing(price):
    print(price * 1.2)

result = add_vat_printing(10)
print("Stored result:", result)

def basket_total():
    basket_sum = 4.99 + 2.50 + 1.25

basket_total()
print(basket_sum)

def basket_total():
    return 4.99 + 2.50 + 1.25

basket_sum = basket_total()
print(f"Basket: £{basket_sum:.2f}")

help(celsius_to_fahrenheit)

celsius_to_fahrenheit()

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
    return f"{greeting}, {name}!"

print(greet("Amara"))
print(greet("Amara", "Good morning"))

def order_coffee(size, milk="none", sugars=0):
    return f"{size} coffee | milk: {milk} | sugars: {sugars}"

print(order_coffee("Large"))
print(order_coffee("Large", sugars=2))
print(order_coffee(milk="oat", size="Small"))

def summarise(numbers):
    """Return the lowest, highest and average of a list."""
    return min(numbers), max(numbers), sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

low, high, average = summarise([12, 7, 19, 4])
print(f"Low {low}, high {high}, average {average}")
print(summarise([1, 2, 3]))

def safe_divide(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        return None
    return a / b

print(safe_divide(10, 4))
print(safe_divide(5, 0))

def total_bill(*prices):
    print("Received:", prices)
    return sum(prices)

print(total_bill(4.5, 2.25, 3))
print(total_bill(10))
print(total_bill())

def cheer(punctuation, *words):
    for word in words:
        print(word.upper() + punctuation)

cheer("!", "ready", "steady", "go")
print("a", "b", "c", sep=" / ")

import math
ladder = math.hypot(3, 4)
print(f"A ladder from 3 m out to 4 m up must be {ladder} m long")

from math import sqrt, pi
print(f"Circle area: {pi * 3 ** 2:.2f}")
print(sqrt(2))

import random
random.seed(42)
print(random.randint(1, 6))
print(random.choice(["pizza", "curry", "tacos", "ramen"]))
print(round(random.random(), 3))

players = ["Ava", "Ben", "Caz", "Dev", "Eli", "Fay"]
random.shuffle(players)
print("Red team: ", players[:3])
print("Blue team:", players[3:])
print("Captains:", random.sample(players, 2))

# Problem: find the longest word in a sentence
# Understand: "Coffee fuels late night coding" -> "Coffee"
plan = [
    "Split the sentence into words",
    "Remember the longest word so far (start with nothing)",
    "For each word, if it's longer, remember it instead",
    "Hand back the longest word",
]
for number, step in enumerate(plan, start=1):
    print(f"Step {number}: {step}")

def longest_word(sentence):
    """Return the longest word; the first one wins a tie."""
    longest = ""
    for word in sentence.split():
        word = word.strip(".,!?")
        if len(word) > len(longest):
            longest = word
    return longest

print(longest_word("Coffee fuels late night coding"))

tests = [
    ("Coffee fuels late night coding", "Coffee"),
    ("Wow!", "Wow"),
    ("a bb ccc bb", "ccc"),
    ("", ""),
]
for sentence, expected in tests:
    got = longest_word(sentence)
    verdict = "PASS" if got == expected else "FAIL"
    print(f"{verdict}: {sentence!r} -> {got!r}")

assert longest_word("Python is fun") == "Python"
assert longest_word("Hi, everyone!") == "everyone"
print("All checks passed")

import string

def contains_any(text, characters):
    """Return True if text contains at least one of the characters."""
    for char in text:
        if char in characters:
            return True
    return False

print(string.digits, string.ascii_uppercase)
print(contains_any("hello", string.digits), contains_any("hell0", string.digits))

def check_rules(password):
    """Return a list of (passed, tip) pairs, one per rule."""
    return [
        (len(password) >= 12, "Use at least 12 characters"),
        (contains_any(password, string.ascii_lowercase), "Add a lowercase letter"),
        (contains_any(password, string.ascii_uppercase), "Add a capital letter"),
        (contains_any(password, string.digits), "Add a digit"),
        (contains_any(password, string.punctuation), "Add a symbol like ! or ?"),
    ]

for rule in check_rules("sunshine"):
    print(rule)

COMMON_WORDS = ["password", "qwerty", "123456", "letmein", "admin"]

def looks_common(password):
    """Return True if the password contains a well-known weak word."""
    lowered = password.lower()
    for word in COMMON_WORDS:
        if word in lowered:
            return True
    return False

print(looks_common("MyPassword99"), looks_common("maple-Comet-71"))

def score_password(password):
    """Score 0-5: one point per rule passed, 0 if it uses a common word."""
    if looks_common(password):
        return 0
    score = 0
    for passed, tip in check_rules(password):
        if passed:
            score += 1
    return score

def strength_label(score):
    labels = ["Terrible", "Very weak", "Weak", "Fair", "Good", "Strong"]
    return labels[score]

print(score_password("sunshine"), strength_label(score_password("sunshine")))

def report(password):
    """Print a strength meter and tips for one password."""
    score = score_password(password)
    meter = "#" * score + "-" * (5 - score)
    print(f"{password:<32} [{meter}] {score}/5 {strength_label(score)}")
    if looks_common(password):
        print("    - Avoid well-known words like 'password'")
    for passed, tip in check_rules(password):
        if not passed:
            print("    -", tip)

def report_all(*passwords):
    for password in passwords:
        report(password)

report_all("sunshine", "Password123!", "Tr0ub4dor&3", "blue-Kettle-7-Orbit")

WORDS = ["maple", "rocket", "lantern", "pepper", "harbor",
         "violet", "comet", "biscuit", "glacier", "tundra"]

def make_passphrase(word_count=3, separator="-"):
    """Build a random passphrase like Maple-Comet-Tundra-42!"""
    words = []
    for word in random.sample(WORDS, word_count):
        words.append(word.capitalize())
    number = random.randint(10, 99)
    return separator.join(words) + separator + str(number) + "!"

random.seed(7)
report_all(make_passphrase(), make_passphrase(4, separator="."))

while True:
    attempt = input("Try a password (blank to stop): ")
    if not attempt:
        break
    report(attempt)
    if score_password(attempt) == 5:
        print("Excellent, that one's a keeper!")
        break