def watering_message(plant, days_since, every_n_days):
    days_left = every_n_days - days_since
    if days_left <= 0:
        return f"{plant}: water me today!"
    elif days_left == 1:
        return f"{plant}: water me tomorrow."
    else:
        return f"{plant}: I'm fine for {days_left} more days."

print(watering_message("Basil", 2, 2))

print(watering_message("Cactus", 3, 14))
print(watering_message("Fern", 4, 5))

for day in range(1, 4):
    print(f"Day {day} ->", watering_message("Mint", day, 3))

packing = ["passport", "charger", "socks"]
print(packing)
print(len(packing), "items")
print("First item:", packing[0])
print("Last item:", packing[-1])

packing.append("toothbrush")
packing.insert(0, "tickets")
print(packing)

packing.remove("socks")
last_one = packing.pop()
print("Popped off the end:", last_one)
print(packing)

print("charger" in packing)
print("umbrella" in packing)
packing.sort()
print(packing)
print("Essentials:", packing[:2])

weights_kg = [1.2, 0.4, 0.3, 2.5, 0.8]
print("Heaviest item:", max(weights_kg), "kg")
print("Bag total:", round(sum(weights_kg), 1), "kg")
print("Lightest first:", sorted(weights_kg))
print("Original order:", weights_kg)

def build_packing_list(nights, rainy):
    items = ["passport", "charger", "toothbrush"]
    items.append(f"{nights} t-shirts")
    items.append(f"{nights + 1} pairs of socks")
    if rainy:
        items.append("umbrella")
    return items

trip = build_packing_list(3, rainy=True)
for number, item in enumerate(trip, start=1):
    print(f"{number}. [ ] {item}")

print(trip[6])

print(f"{len(trip)} items, so the last position is {len(trip) - 1}")
print(trip[5], "|", trip[-1])

pantry = {"rice": 2, "eggs": 6, "pasta": 1}
print(pantry)
print("Eggs left:", pantry["eggs"])

pantry["eggs"] = 4
pantry["coffee"] = 1
pantry.update({"rice": 3, "oats": 2})
print(pantry)

print(pantry["milk"])

print(pantry.get("milk"))
print(pantry.get("milk", 0))
print("milk" in pantry, "rice" in pantry)

for food, amount in pantry.items():
    status = "running low" if amount <= 1 else "ok"
    print(f"{food:<8}{amount:>3}  {status}")

print("Total items:", sum(pantry.values()))

def shopping_list(stock, minimum=2):
    to_buy = []
    for food, amount in stock.items():
        if amount < minimum:
            to_buy.append(food)
    return to_buy

print("Buy:", shopping_list(pantry))
print("Buy:", shopping_list(pantry, minimum=4))

finished = pantry.pop("pasta")
print(f"Cooked all {finished} packet of pasta.")
print("Still in stock:", list(pantry))

pages_left = 50
day = 0
while pages_left > 0:
    day += 1
    pages_left -= 15
    print(f"Day {day}: {max(pages_left, 0)} pages to go")

books = []
while True:
    title = input("Book title (blank to stop): ")
    if title == "":
        break
    books.append(title)
print(f"You logged {len(books)} books: {books}")

reading_log = {}
choice = ""
while choice != "q":
    choice = input("[a] add pages  [s] show  [q] quit: ").strip().lower()
    if choice == "a":
        book = input("  Which book? ")
        pages = int(input("  Pages read: "))
        reading_log[book] = reading_log.get(book, 0) + pages
    elif choice == "s":
        for book, pages in reading_log.items():
            print(f"  {book}: {pages} pages")
    elif choice != "q":
        print("  Unknown option, try again.")
print("Happy reading!")

tickets = int("three")

try:
    tickets = int("three")
except ValueError:
    print("Please type the number with digits, like 3.")
print("The program is still running!")

def ask_whole_number(prompt):
    while True:
        answer = input(prompt)
        try:
            return int(answer)
        except ValueError:
            print(f"  '{answer}' isn't a whole number. Try again.")

seats = ask_whole_number("How many seats? ")
print("Booking", seats, "seats")

for text in ["12", "twelve"]:
    try:
        number = int(text)
    except ValueError:
        print(f"'{text}' is not a number")
    else:
        print(f"'{text}' became the number {number}")
    finally:
        print("  finished checking", text)

prices = {"adult": 12.50, "child": 7.00, "senior": 9.00}

def ticket_cost(kind, count):
    try:
        return prices[kind] * count
    except KeyError:
        print(f"  Sorry, we don't sell '{kind}' tickets.")
        return 0.0

print(ticket_cost("adult", 2))
print(ticket_cost("pirate", 1))

total = 0.0
while True:
    kind = input("Ticket type (adult/child/senior, or done): ").strip().lower()
    if kind == "done":
        break
    if kind not in prices:
        print("  We only sell:", ", ".join(prices))
        continue
    count = ask_whole_number(f"  How many {kind} tickets? ")
    total += ticket_cost(kind, count)
print(f"Total to pay: £{total:.2f}")

rooms = {
    "lobby": {"text": "Marble floors. A guard snores by the door.",
              "exits": {"north": "gallery", "east": "gift shop"}},
    "gallery": {"text": "Portraits stare. Something glints on a bench.",
                "exits": {"south": "lobby"}, "item": "brass key"},
    "gift shop": {"text": "Postcards everywhere. A heavy door leads east.",
                  "exits": {"west": "lobby", "east": "vault"}},
    "vault": {"text": "The clockwork owl blinks and hoots. You found it!",
              "exits": {}},
}
print(rooms["lobby"]["exits"])
print(rooms["lobby"]["exits"]["north"])

def describe(room_name):
    room = rooms[room_name]
    print(f"== {room_name.title()} ==")
    print("  " + room["text"])
    if room["exits"]:
        print("  Exits:", ", ".join(room["exits"]))

describe("gift shop")

location = "lobby"
backpack = []
describe(location)
while location != "vault":
    room = rooms[location]
    move = input("Which way? ").strip().lower()
    if move not in room["exits"]:
        print("  You bump into a wall.")
    elif room["exits"][move] == "vault" and "brass key" not in backpack:
        print("  The vault door is locked. If only you had a key...")
    else:
        location = room["exits"][move]
        describe(location)
        item = rooms[location].get("item")
        if item and item not in backpack:
            backpack.append(item)
            print(f"  You pick up the {item}.")
print("Backpack:", backpack)

with open("journal.txt", "w") as journal:
    journal.write("Mon | 7 | Finished my first Python project\n")
    journal.write("Tue | 5 | Rainy, stayed in and read\n")
print("Journal created.")

with open("journal.txt", "r") as journal:
    print(journal.read())

def add_entry(day, mood, note):
    with open("journal.txt", "a") as journal:
        journal.write(f"{day} | {mood} | {note}\n")

add_entry("Wed", 8, "Fixed a bug all by myself")
add_entry("Thu", 6, "Long day, short walk")
print("Two entries added.")

moods = []
with open("journal.txt") as journal:
    for line in journal:
        day, mood, note = line.strip().split(" | ")
        moods.append(int(mood))
        print(f"{day}: {'*' * int(mood):<10} {note}")
print(f"Average mood: {sum(moods) / len(moods):.1f} out of 10")

with open("journal.txt") as journal:
    lines = journal.readlines()
print(len(lines), "lines")
print(repr(lines[0]))

with open("jornal.txt") as journal:
    print(journal.read())

def load_lines(filename):
    try:
        with open(filename) as f:
            return f.read().splitlines()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return []

print(load_lines("jornal.txt"))
print(len(load_lines("journal.txt")), "entries")

contacts = {
    "Amara": {"phone": "0161 496 0000", "city": "Leeds"},
    "Jonas": {"phone": "0161 496 0123", "city": "Bristol"},
}
contacts["Mei"] = {"phone": "0161 496 0456", "city": "Leeds"}
print(contacts["Jonas"]["city"])
print(len(contacts), "contacts:", list(contacts))

def save_contacts(book, filename="contacts.txt"):
    with open(filename, "w") as f:
        for name, info in book.items():
            f.write(f"{name},{info['phone']},{info['city']}\n")
    print(f"Saved {len(book)} contacts to {filename}")

save_contacts(contacts)

def load_contacts(filename="contacts.txt"):
    book = {}
    try:
        with open(filename) as f:
            for line in f:
                name, phone, city = line.strip().split(",")
                book[name] = {"phone": phone, "city": city}
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print("No contacts file yet.")
    return book

loaded = load_contacts()
print(loaded == contacts)

def search(book, text):
    text = text.lower()
    matches = []
    for name, info in book.items():
        if text in name.lower() or text in info["city"].lower():
            matches.append(name)
    return matches

print("leeds ->", search(loaded, "leeds"))
print("jo    ->", search(loaded, "jo"))
print("paris ->", search(loaded, "paris"))

def show_contact(book, name):
    try:
        info = book[name.title()]
    except KeyError:
        print(f"No contact called '{name}'. Try: {', '.join(book)}")
        return
    print(f"{name.title()}: {info['phone']} ({info['city']})")

show_contact(loaded, "mei")
show_contact(loaded, "zara")

story = """The lighthouse keeper counted the ships.
The ships counted the stars, and the stars counted nothing at all.
At dawn the keeper slept, and the ships sailed home."""

with open("lighthouse.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write(story)
print("Saved", len(story), "characters")

with open("lighthouse.txt") as f:
    text = f.read().lower()
for mark in ".,!?":
    text = text.replace(mark, "")
words = text.split()
print(len(words), "words")
print(words[:8])

counts = {}
for word in words:
    counts[word] = counts.get(word, 0) + 1
print(counts["the"], counts["ships"], counts["dawn"])

def by_count(pair):
    return pair[1]

ranked = sorted(counts.items(), key=by_count, reverse=True)
for word, n in ranked[:5]:
    print(f"{word:<10}{'#' * n} {n}")

longest = max(counts, key=len)
print(f"Longest word: {longest} ({len(longest)} letters)")
print("Different words:", len(counts))

def top_words(filename, how_many=3):
    boring = ["the", "and", "at", "all", "a"]
    with open(filename) as f:
        text = f.read().lower()
    for mark in ".,!?":
        text = text.replace(mark, "")
    counts = {}
    for word in text.split():
        if word not in boring:
            counts[word] = counts.get(word, 0) + 1
    return sorted(counts.items(), key=by_count, reverse=True)[:how_many]

print(top_words("lighthouse.txt"))

import random

random.seed(42)
print("Raffle ticket:", random.randint(1, 500))
print("Tonight's dinner:", random.choice(["ramen", "tacos", "curry", "pizza"]))

players = ["Ada", "Ben", "Chen", "Dara", "Eli", "Fay", "Gus", "Hana"]
print(f"Captains: {random.sample(players, 2)}")

line_up = players.copy()
random.shuffle(line_up)
print("Shuffled:", line_up)
print("Original:", players)

def pick_teams(names, team_count):
    pool = names.copy()
    random.shuffle(pool)
    teams = []
    for _ in range(team_count):
        teams.append([])
    for position, name in enumerate(pool):
        teams[position % team_count].append(name)
    return teams

random.seed(7)
teams = pick_teams(players, 3)
for number, team in enumerate(teams, start=1):
    print(f"Team {number} ({len(team)}): {', '.join(team)}")
print("Bringing snacks:", random.choice(players))

tally = {}
for _ in range(800):
    name = random.choice(players)
    tally[name] = tally.get(name, 0) + 1
print(tally)

class TravelCard:
    def __init__(self, owner, balance=0.0):
        self.owner = owner
        self.balance = balance

card = TravelCard("Priya", 10.0)
print(card.owner, "has", card.balance)

class TravelCard:
    fare = 2.80

    def __init__(self, owner, balance=0.0):
        self.owner = owner
        self.balance = balance
        self.trips = []

    def top_up(self, amount):
        if amount <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Top-up amount must be positive")
        self.balance += amount

    def tap(self, station):
        if self.balance < self.fare:
            print(f"Gate closed at {station}: only £{self.balance:.2f} left.")
            return False
        self.balance -= self.fare
        self.trips.append(station)
        print(f"Beep! {station}. Balance £{self.balance:.2f}")
        return True

    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.owner}'s card: £{self.balance:.2f}, {len(self.trips)} trips"

priya = TravelCard("Priya", 5.00)
priya.tap("Kings Cross")
priya.tap("Camden")
priya.top_up(10)
priya.tap("Camden")
print(priya)
print("Trips:", priya.trips)

tom = TravelCard("Tom")
tom.tap("Brixton")
print(tom)
print(priya)

cards = [priya, tom, TravelCard("Ola", 20.0)]
total = 0.0
for card in cards:
    print(" ", card)
    total += card.balance
print(f"Money on all cards: £{total:.2f}")

try:
    tom.top_up(-20)
except ValueError as problem:
    print("Top-up refused:", problem)

mystery = TravelCard()

sam = TravelCard("Sam", 3.00)
print(sam)

class BrokenCard:
    def __init__(self, owner):
        self.owner = owner

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello,", owner)

BrokenCard("Kai").greet()

class FixedCard:
    def __init__(self, owner):
        self.owner = owner

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello,", self.owner)

FixedCard("Kai").greet()

class StudentCard(TravelCard):
    fare = 1.40

    def __init__(self, owner, school, balance=0.0):
        super().__init__(owner, balance)
        self.school = school

    def __str__(self):
        return f"{super().__str__()} (student, {self.school})"

leo = StudentCard("Leo", "Riverside College", 3.00)
leo.tap("Bank")
leo.tap("Angel")
leo.tap("Oval")
print(leo)
print(isinstance(leo, TravelCard))

def save_habits(habits, filename):
    with open(filename, "w") as f:
        for name, days in habits.items():
            f.write(f"{name}|{','.join(days)}\n")

def load_habits(filename):
    habits = {}
    try:
        with open(filename) as f:
            for line in f:
                name, days = line.strip().split("|")
                habits[name] = days.split(",") if days else []
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print("No saved habits yet, starting fresh.")
    return habits

CHEERS = ["Nice work!", "Streak building!", "Future you says thanks.",
          "Small steps, big results."]

class HabitTracker:
    def __init__(self, filename="habits.txt"):
        self.filename = filename
        self.habits = load_habits(filename)

    def add(self, name):
        if name in self.habits:
            print(f"  '{name}' is already on your list.")
        else:
            self.habits[name] = []
            print(f"  Added habit: {name}")

    def check_off(self, name, day):
        self.habits[name].append(day)
        print(f"  {name} done on {day}. {random.choice(CHEERS)}")

    def report(self):
        for name, days in self.habits.items():
            print(f"  {name:<15}{'#' * len(days):<6}{len(days)} day(s)")

    def save(self):
        save_habits(self.habits, self.filename)
        print(f"  Saved {len(self.habits)} habits to {self.filename}")

random.seed(3)
tracker = HabitTracker()
tracker.add("Read 10 pages")
tracker.add("Stretch")
tracker.add("Stretch")
tracker.check_off("Stretch", "Mon")
tracker.report()

def run_menu(tracker):
    while True:
        choice = input("[a]dd [d]one [r]eport [s]ave & quit: ").strip().lower()
        if choice == "a":
            tracker.add(input("  New habit: "))
        elif choice == "d":
            name = input("  Which habit? ")
            day = input("  Which day? ")
            try:
                tracker.check_off(name, day)
            except KeyError:
                print(f"  No habit called '{name}'. Add it first with a.")
        elif choice == "r":
            tracker.report()
        elif choice == "s":
            tracker.save()
            break
        else:
            print("  Please choose a, d, r or s.")

random.seed(8)
run_menu(tracker)

next_week = HabitTracker()
next_week.report()
print("Habits remembered:", list(next_week.habits))